point-source outbreak see outbreak, point-source. variable, dependent in a statistical analysis, a variable whose values are a function of one or more other variables. syndromic surveillance see surveillance, syndromic. to estimate the value or worth of; appraise: to rate a student's class performance. Q. I was wondering the rate at which alcohol induces brain damage. The speed of administration of a solution in mL/hr. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. risk ratio a measure of association that quantifies the association between an exposure and a health outcome from an epidemiologic study, calculated as the ratio of incidence proportions of two groups. case-control study see study, case-control. We study 5,916 people who have Escherichia urinary tract infection or Peak expiratory flow rate decreased. {\displaystyle \lambda } association the statistical relation between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. period prevalence see prevalence, period. active surveillance see surveillance, active. portal of entry a pathway into the host that gives an agent access to tissue that will allow it to multiply or act. Synonym: The average range of beats per minute recorded within a 10-min time frame. normal curve the bell-shaped curve that results when a normal distribution is graphed. In calculating postneonatal mortality rates, the numerator is the number of deaths among this age group during a given period, and the denominator is the number of live births during the same period.. No, I disagree. A case, source the case or instance of a patient responsible for transmitting infection to others; the instance of a patient who gives rise to an outbreak or epidemic. rate of prevalence. an infectious disease: Is this infection very dangerous? Using the term to describe the person rather than the health condition is discouraged (see also case-patient). I don't mean amount of alcohol consumed, but alcohol addiction/dependency. epidemiology, analytic the aspect of epidemiology concerned with why and how a health problem occurs. The most common symptoms were respiratory congestion, muscle aches (myalgia), and loss of smell or taste. {\displaystyle 1/A} These infections are usually acquired after hospitalization and manifest 48 hours after admission t Hospital Acquired Infections Book incidence proportion the fraction of persons with new cases of illness, injury, or other health condition during a specified period, calculated as the number of new cases divided by the size of the population at the start of the study period (see also attack rate). measurement scale the complete range of possible values for a measurement. bar chart a visual display in which each category of a variable is represented by a bar or column bar charts are used to illustrate variations in size among categories. The frequency with which a gene will be inherited or expressed by identical or fraternal twins. What is the rate of alcoholism in the USA compared to other countries in the world. case definition a set of uniformly applied criteria for determining whether a person should be identified as having a particular disease, injury, or other health condition. healthy worker effect the observation that employed persons generally have lower mortality rates than the general population, because persons with severe, disabling disease (who have higher mortality rates) tend to be excluded from the workforce. infestation taint, transmission contamination infection, transmission infection taint infectivity transmission poisoning transmission exposure transmission taint contagion infection, taint invasion infection Filters infection rates. HPV infection is a viral infection that commonly causes skin or mucous membrane growths (warts). Typically, for a case to be confirmed, a person must have a positive result from laboratory tests. suggest new. attack rate a form of incidence that measures the proportion of persons in a population who experience an acute health event during a limited period (e.g., during an outbreak), calculated as the number of new cases of a health problem during an outbreak divided by the size of the population at the beginning of the period, usually expressed as a percentage or per 1,000 or 100,000 population (see also incidence proportion). Standard error is computed as the standard deviation of the variable divided by the square root of the sample size. Copy the code below and paste it where you want the visualization of this word to be shown on your page: Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, Simulated anthrax attacks and syndromic surveillance, Rise in HCV infection rates linked to OxyContin reformulation, Can pin-site infection be prevented? surveillance, sentinel a surveillance system that uses a prearranged sample of sources (e.g., physicians, hospitals, or clinics) who have agreed to report all cases of one or more notifiable diseases. proportion a ratio in which the numerator is included in the denominator; the ratio of a part to the whole, expressed as a decimal fraction (e.g., 0 2), a fraction (1/5), or a percentage (20%). arbovirus any of a group of viruses that are transmitted between hosts by mosquitoes, ticks, and other arthropods. This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional. vital statistics systematically tabulated data about recorded births, marriages, divorces, and deaths. P value the probability of observing an association between two variables or a difference between two or more groups as large or larger than that observed, if the null hypothesis were true. line graph, arithmetic-scale a graph that displays patterns or trends by plotting the frequency (e.g., number, proportion, or rate) of a characteristic or event during some variable, usually time. Our aims were to increase (1) pneumococcal conjugate vaccine . On this page you will find all the synonyms for the word to infection rate. dependent variable see variable, dependent. person-time the amount of time each participant in a cohort study is observed and disease-free, often summed to provide the denominator for a person-time rate. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. A carrier can be asymptomatic (never indicate signs of the disease) or can display signs of the disease only during the incubation period, convalescence, or postconvalescence. An example of a rate is: 1 HAI per 10,000 patient days in Hospital X in 2009. No report of Peak expiratory flow rate decreased is found for people with Escherichia urinary tract infection. the condition of suffering an infection. false-positive a positive test result for a person who actually does not have the condition. biologic transmission see transmission, biologic. contact, direct exposure or transmission of an agent from a source to a susceptible host through touching (e.g., from a human host by kissing, sexual intercourse, or skin-to-skin contact) or from touching an infected animal or contaminated soil or vegetation. WILDFIRE SMOKE AND COVID-19 ARE A ONE-TWO PUNCH FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY ACROSS THE U.S. COURTS MAY RECONSIDER TEMPORARY CORONAVIRUS RESTRICTIONS AS PANDEMIC DRAGS ON. {\displaystyle \lambda } Herd immunity is based on having a substantial number of immune persons, thereby reducing the likelihood that an infected person will come in contact with a susceptible one among human populations, also called community immunity. 2023. outlier a value substantively or statistically different from all (or approximately all) of the other values in a distribution. (pun intended). variable any characteristic or attribute that can be measured and can have different values. 1 vote. mortality rate, sex-specific a mortality rate among either males or females. a high (monthly) accident rate in a factory. The comparison group provides an estimate of the background or expected incidence of disease (in a cohort study) or exposure (in a case-control study). He doesn't rate very highly as a dramatist in my estimation. He says that he isn't sure whether we'll be allowed to finish, but at that rate we might as well not start. variable, independent an exposure, risk factor, or other characteristic being observed or measured that is hypothesized to influence an event or manifestation (the dependent variable). So even though cases overall grew, hospitalizations and deaths were down and that makes sense because younger people are more likely to experience mild or symptom-free, In other words, its hard to predict how many people might die of widespread, Some feared coming to work while others walked out of plants to protest the lack of, Data gathered in West Africa and elsewhere during the 1990s also built a case that BCG vaccination, in addition to preventing tuberculosis, protected people from a broad set of, They also refer to a recent study in Syrian hamsters that also suggested masking results in milder, Moving forward, medical innovation can play a substantial role in controlling and preventing, Thats still above the national average for new, THE NEW COVID-19 CASE SURGE IN EUROPE, EXPLAINED. trial, randomized clinical a clinical trial in which persons are randomly assigned to exposure or treatment groups. A normal resting heart rate for an adult is 60100 beats per minute. The term was first used by Edward Tufte in his book, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information (1983). For the majority of data, the midrange is calculated by adding the smallest observation and the largest observation and dividing by two. confidence interval a range of values for a measure (e.g., rate or odds ratio) constructed so that the range has a specified probability (often, but not necessarily, 95%) of including the true value of the measure. The neonatal mortality rate is usually expressed per 1,000 live births. cause, sufficient a factor or collection of factors whose presence is always followed by the occurrence of a particular health problem. The speed at which the cells settle depends on how many red blood cells clump together. A white blood cell (WBC) count measures the number of white blood cells in a sample of blood. years of potential life lost (YPLL) a measure of the impact of premature death on a population, calculated as the sum of the differences between a predetermined minimally acceptable age (e.g., 65 years or current life expectancy) and the age at death for everyone who died earlier than that age. prevalence rates. mortality rate, postneonatal the mortality rate for children from age 28 days up to, but not including, 1 year. Vad r kursen fr att vxla till ? health information system a combination of health statistics from different sources. cohort, birth a group of persons born during a particular period or year. study, case-control an observational analytic study that enrolls one group of persons with a certain disease, chronic condition, or type of injury (case-patients) and a group of persons without the health problem (control subjects) and compares differences in exposures, behaviors, and other characteristics to identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, and identify causes. race/ethnic-specific mortality rate see mortality rate, race/ethnic-specific. specificity the ability or a test, case definition, or surveillance system to exclude persons without the health condition of interest; the proportion of persons without a health condition that are correctly identified as such by a screening test, case definition, or surveillance system. [1] Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. Epitomizing this problem is the Staphylococcus . Usually, one variable represents a health outcome, and one represents an exposure or personal characteristic. Home; infection rate; Synonyms for infection rate. bank accounts paying above the average rate of interest. The time it takes for someone with an infection to start showing symptoms. transmission, airborne transfer of an agent suspended in the air, considered a type of indirect transmission. age-specific mortality rate see mortality rate, age-specific. Mesoendemic An endemic disease with a moderate rate of infection. vector a living intermediary that carries an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host (see also transmission, biologic and transmission, mechanical) (e.g., mosquitoes, fleas, or ticks). sentinel surveillance see surveillance, sentinel. transmission, biologic indirect transmission by a vector in which the infectious agent undergoes biologic changes inside the vector as part of its life cycle before it is transmitted to the host (see also transmission, mechanical). This is true regardless of whether they have shown symptoms of COVID-19 or not. false-negative a negative test result for a person who actually has the condition similarly, a person who has the disease (perhaps mild or variant) but who does not fit the case definition, or a patient or outbreak not detected by a surveillance system. mean (or average) commonly called the average; it is the most common measure of central tendency. is directly proportional to A record represents data related to a single case. The y-axis, measuring frequency, uses an arithmetic scale. mean, geometric the mean, or average, of a set of data measured on a logarithmic scale. Two common types are cohort studies and case-control studies. In this situation, at a recurrence interval of 3 months (p = 0.011) and an, Comparison ofsimultaneous shunting to delayed shunting in infants with myelomeningocele in terms ofshunt, In the present study, there was no significant relationship between gender and, Conclusion: In conclusion, efficiency of disposable surgical drapes has not been demonstrated to lower infections rates in fact to the contrary we demonstrated increase in, Dictionary, Encyclopedia and Thesaurus - The Free Dictionary, the webmaster's page for free fun content, Simulated anthrax attacks and syndromic surveillance, Rise in HCV infection rates linked to OxyContin reformulation, Can pin-site infection be prevented? The maximum rate of exhalation during a forced expiration, measured in liters per second or liters per minute. mortality rate, age-specific a mortality rate limited to a particular age group, calculated as the number of deaths among the age group divided by the number of persons in that age group, usually expressed per 100,000. mortality rate, cause-specific the mortality rate from a specified cause, calculated as the number of deaths attributed to a specific cause during a specified time interval among a population divided by the size of the midinterval population. Securing a medical care provision system. rates of hiv aids. secondary attack rate see attack rate, secondary. people that rate special treatment; an idea that rates attention. arthropod an organism that has jointed appendages and segmented external skeleton (e.g., flies, mosquitoes, ticks, or mites). indirect transmission see transmission, indirect. numerator the upper portion of a fraction (see also denominator). Epidemics of Omicron and influenza have both contributed to those high mortality levels in late 2022. In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted epidemiology, field applied epidemiology (i.e., the application or practice of epidemiology to control and prevent health problems), particularly when the epidemiologist(s) must travel to and work in the community in which the health problem is occurring or has occurred. proportion, attributable a measure of the impact of a causative factor on the public health; the proportion of a health state or event among exposed persons that can be attributed to the exposure also called attributable risk percent. cause, component a factor that contributes to a sufficient cause (see also cause, sufficient). It's flattering to know other clubs seem to rate me. rates of infection. hyperendemic the constant presence at high incidence and prevalence of an agent or health condition within a given geographic area or population. pathogenicity the ability of an agent to cause disease after infection, measured as the proportion of persons infected by an agent who then experience clinical disease. natural history of disease the progression of a disease process in a person from the time it begins to the time it resolves, in the absence of treatment. interquartile range a measure of spread representing the middle 50% of the observations, calculated as the difference between the third quartile (75th percentile) and the first quartile (25th percentile). In epidemiology, particularly for an outbreak investigation, a case definition specifies clinical criteria and details of time, place, and person. The graphic states that new HIV infections fell 8% from 2015 to 2019, after a period of general stability. There was a failure rate of one pupil in ten in the exam. is the average age of infection. Toxoplasmosis Q fever Influenza Toxocara A Word From Immediate Delivery. antibody any of a variety of proteins in the blood that are produced in response to an antigen as an immune response. Unit-specific infection control data showed that VRE infections decreased by 70% (n = 33 before and n = 10 after) in a 19-month period after the intervention. table, two-by-two a two-variable table with cross-tabulated data, in which each variable has only two categories. 1 mechanical transmission see transmission, mechanical. The number of maternal deaths in 1 year from puerperal causes (such as those associated with pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium) within 42 days after delivery divided by the number of live births in that same year. map, area (shaded, choropleth) a visual display of the geographic pattern of a health problem, in which a marker is placed on a map to indicate where each affected person lives, works, or might have been exposed. epidemiologic triad the traditional model of infectious disease causation having three components: an external agent, a susceptible host, and an environment that brings the host and agent together so that disease occurs. For COVID-19, symptoms appear 2-14 days after infection. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impelled many countries all over the world to institute sweeping measures to help reduce infection rates and ultimately its utter elimination. NHANES The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, designed to (1) estimate the proportion of the US population and designated groups with selected disease and risk factors; (2) monitor trends in selected behaviors, exposures, and diseases; and (3) study the associations among diet, nutrition, and health. The normal range is between 120 and 160 beats per minute. incidence of disease. Measures of spread used in epidemiology include the interquartile range, variance, and the standard deviation. high-risk group a group of persons whose risk for a particular disease, injury, or other health condition is greater than that of the rest of their community or population. A. active immunity see immunity, active.. active surveillance see surveillance, active.. age-adjusted mortality rate see mortality rate, age-adjusted.. agent a factor (e.g., a microorganism or chemical substance) or form of energy whose presence, excessive presence, or in the case of deficiency diseases, relative absence is essential for the occurrence of a disease or other adverse health outcome. exposure having come into contact with a cause of, or possessing a characteristic that is a determinant of, a particular health problem. It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer. virulence the ability of an infectious agent to cause severe disease, measured as the proportion of persons with the disease who become severely ill or die. rate an expression of the relative frequency with which an event occurs among a defined population per unit of time, calculated as the number of new cases or deaths during a specified period divided by either person-time or the average (midinterval) population. This value is usually expressed as deaths per 100,000 live births. statistical significance the measure of how likely it is that a set of study results could have occurred by chance alone. prevalence rates. Synonyms disorder, problem, trouble, disease, upset, illness, sickness, ailment, affliction, malady, indisposition in the sense of contagion Definition a corrupting influence that tends to spread They have been reluctant to admit patients with the disease because of fears of contagion. proportionate mortality the proportion of deaths among a population attributable to a particular cause during a selected period. control in a case-control study, a member of the group of persons without the health problem under study (see also comparison group and study, case-control). hypothesis, null the supposition that two (or more) groups do not differ in the measure of interest (e.g., incidence or proportion exposed); the supposition that an exposure is not associated with the health condition under study, so that the risk ratio or odds ratio equals 1. Objective Rheumatology patients are at high risk for complications from pneumococcal infections. Log in. Such a calculation is difficult because not all new infections are reported, and it is often difficult to know how many susceptibles were exposed. Synonyms contamination, infection, corruption, pollution, taint frequency polygon a graph of a frequency distribution in which values of the variable are plotted on the horizontal axis, and the number of observations are plotted on the vertical axis. Links to your sources would be appreciated. The terms Prevalence rates and Rate of prevalence might have synonymous (similar) meaning. Test your knowledge - and maybe learn something along the way. cumulative frequency in a frequency distribution, the number or proportion of observations with a particular value and any smaller value. outbreak the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period. 3. a fixed charge per unit of quantity: a rate of 10 cents a pound. These proportions are not mortality rates because, in proportionate mortality, the denominator is all deaths instead of the population among whom the deaths occurred. {\displaystyle \lambda } mortality rate, race/ethnic-specific a mortality rate limited to a specified racial or ethnic group both numerator and denominator are limited to that group. The percentage of individuals afflicted with an illness who die as a result of it. The postneonatal mortality rate is usually expressed per 1,000 live births. synonyms for infection Compare Synonyms bug disease epidemic flu pollution virus contagion corruption defilement germs impurity poison communicability contagiousness insanitation septicity what's going around See also synonyms for: infections antonyms for infection MOST RELEVANT sanitation sterility study, retrospective an analytic study in which participants are enrolled after the health outcome of interest has occurred. infection contagion, contamination, corruption, defilement, poison, pollution, septicity, virus English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus See also: inflection, injection, infectious, infect Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus payday loan n. attributable risk percent see proportion, attributable. This fuse is rated at 50 amperes. A 2003 analysis in the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes calculated that more than $18 billion in medical costs could have been saved by the year 2010 had the CDC invested just $383 million more in prevention programming per year from 2000 to 2005, an amount that theoretically could have cut the annual HIV, About 70 percent of the country's people are Catholic; Burundi has an HIV, Each of the 1,000 simulations at the given, Adult HIV prevalence in Swaziland is above 40 percent, and Malawi is struggling with a 14 percent, At almost 39 percent, Swaziland's adult HIV, The project was established in 2001 in response to the growing HIV, We will continue to look for ways to lower the, In an article published in the February 2003 issue of Conservation Biology, he and his team found that important Northeastern tick host species such as white-footed mice fared better when forest tracts were smaller than five acres, and that the, Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach, they examined whether states with higher exposure to the reformulated OxyContin had faster growth of HCV, Similarly, a recent comparative study suggested that chlorhexidine appeared superior to povidone-iodine, as the latter tripled the. The y-axis, measuring frequency, uses a logarithmic scale. iSYNONYM. In epidemiology, the data are usually summaries of the frequency of occurrence of an event or characteristic occurring among different groups. the most highly rated player in English football, in those crowded streets he wouldn't rate a second glance, it must rate as one of the most boring films around. This television programme has had some very bad ratings recently. Synonyms for Infection Rates (other words and phrases for Infection Rates). host a person or other living organism that is susceptible to or harbors an infectious agent under natural conditions. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. However, Learn a new word every day. Delivered to your inbox! The rate of occurrence of negative test results in those who have the attribute or disease for which they are being tested. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. A nonspecific laboratory test used as a marker of inflammation. rate [ rt] the speed or frequency with which an event or circumstance occurs per unit of time, population, or other standard of comparison. antonyms. The number of stillbirths (in which the gestation period was 28 weeks or more) in the first 7 days of life divided by the number of live births plus stillbirths in the same year. We used mRNA display under a reprogrammed genetic code to find a spike-targeting macrocyclic peptide that . measure of spread a measure of the distribution of observations out from its central value. rates of prevalence. central location (also called central tendency) a statistical measurement to quantify the middle or the center of a distribution. The fishing line is rated for 30 pounds. Of the multiple ways to define central tendency, the most common are the mean, median, and mode. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has had great societal and health consequences. mortality rate, infant the mortality rate for children aged <1 year, calculated as the number of deaths reported among this age group during a given period divided by the number of live births reported during the same period, and expressed per 1,000 live births. chain of infection the progression of an infectious agent that leaves its reservoir or host through a portal of exit, is conveyed by a mode of transmission, and then enters through an appropriate portal of entry to infect a susceptible host.
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