buddy holly crash

By the time Holly arrived at the venue that evening, he was frustrated with the ongoing problems with the bus. Fifteen-year-old Bobby Vee was given the task of filling in for Holly at the next scheduled performance in Moorhead, in part because he "knew all the words to all the songs". [12] The bodies of Holly and Valens had been ejected from the fuselage and lay near the plane's wreckage. Within a few months, however, he and The Crickets independently recorded Thatll Be the Day, which topped the Best Sellers in Stores chart by September. In June 1988, a 4-foot (1.2m) tall granite memorial bearing the names of Peterson and the three entertainers was dedicated outside the Surf Ballroom with Peterson's widow, parents, and sister in attendance; the event marked the first time that the families of Holly, Richardson, Valens, and Peterson had gathered together. "The Big Bopper," Ritchie Valens, and Buddy Holly. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. [44], Howard Waldrop's short story "Save a Place in the Lifeboat for Me" (collected in Howard Who?) In the early morning hours of February 3, 1959, three performers Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson joined their pilot Roger Peterson for what was supposed to. While working as a receptionist for a New York music publisher, she met the young Buddy, whose star was . However, this evidence is not conclusive. The long account of a crash in 2006 is not needed and seems to be there more to plump out the book's number of pages. He had also logged 52 hours of instrument flight training, although he had passed only his written examination, and was not yet qualified to operate in weather that required flying solely by reference to instruments. Multi-award winning Buddy Holly show at Basildon's Towngate Theatre this weekend (Image: Newsquest) IT'S been famously said the music died when Buddy Holly tragically left us way before his time, back on February 3, 1959. This area or band moving southeastward about 25 knots. The song does not directly reference the three performers who died, but Dion has said, in interviews, This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 08:05. As there were no off days, the bands had to travel most of each day, frequently for ten to twelve hours in freezing mid-winter temperatures. The tour began on January 23 in Milwaukee during one of the coldest winters on record. To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our Syndication site. Pregnant with Hollys unborn child, Mara Elena Holly suffered a miscarriage after learning of Buddy Hollys plane crash on the news the next day. attached to their respective fittings; the buckle of one was broken. The right wing tip had struck the ground first, sending the aircraft cartwheeling across the frozen field for 540 feet (160m), before coming to rest against a wire fence at the edge of Juhl's property. File usage on other wikis. [5], A memorial service for Peterson was held at Redeemer Lutheran Church in Ventura, Iowa, on February 5. Holly's widow did not attend. With his limited experience the pilot would tend to rely on the attitude gyro which is relatively stable under these conditions. The wreckage was found in a field later that morning. Adding to the disarray, the buses were not equipped for the harsh weather, which consisted of waist-deep snow in several areas and varying temperatures from 20F (7C) to as low as 36F (38C). Charles Hardin Holley (September 7, 1936 - February 3, 1959), known as Buddy Holly, was an American singer and songwriter who was a central and pioneering figure of mid-1950s rock and roll.He was born to a musical family in Lubbock, Texas during the Great Depression, and learned to play guitar and sing alongside his siblings.His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm . the airport to the east, to head in a northwesterly direction. In 1989, Ken Paquette, a Wisconsin fan of the 1950s era, made a stainless-steel monument that depicts a guitar and a set of three records bearing the names of the three performers killed in the accident. 2-0001 CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT ADOPTED: September 15, 1959 RELEASED: September 23, 1959 BEECH BONANZA, N 3794N MASON CITY, IOWA airborne. The tour hadnt even reached the half-way point. [35][36], Following the miscarriage suffered by Holly's wife and the circumstances in which she was informed of his death, a policy was later adopted by authorities not to disclose victims' names until after their families have been informed. The weather briefing supplied to the pilot was seriously inadequate in that it failed to even mention adverse flying conditions which should have been highlighted. Within minutes, at around 9:35 am, he spotted the wreckage less than six miles (10km) northwest of the airport. Griggs estimates that five separate buses were used in the first eleven days of the tour"reconditioned school buses, not good enough for school kids". File usage on Commons. Updated on 01/19/19. buddy holly plane crash footage and photos sept 7th 1936- feb 3rd 1959 WARNING GRAPHIC!!! Holly chartered a plane to fly himself and his band to Fargo, North Dakota, which is adjacent to Moorhead. Approximately half the brain tissue was absent. On February 3, 1959, American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. The attitude gyro indicator was stuck in a manner indicative of a 90-degree right bank and nose-down attitude. /s/ HARMAR D. DENNY Giving up his seat on the plane to another musician, the country legend recalls the words that would haunt him forever. Three bodies are visible. Holly died alongside his fellow up-and-coming rock n roll stars Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson on February 3, 1959. Within minutes of takeoff from the Mason City Airport in Iowa at around 1:00 AM CST, February 3, 1959, the chartered Beech-Craft Bonanza airplane No. Crash site, Buddy Holly and company. There was no evidence of inflight structural failure or failure of the controls. Bass and his team took several X-rays of Richardson's body and eventually concluded that the musician had indeed died instantly from extensive, unsurvivable fractures to virtually every bone in his body. The Mason City weather was reported to the Peterson, not having been informed of worsening weather conditions, decided to fly "on instruments" meaning without visual confirmation of the horizon which led to the crash. The three young musicians were killed along with their 21-yea-old pilot in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, on their way to Moorhead, Minnesota. was watching from a platform outside the tower. [32] The request was made by L. J. Coon, a retired pilot from New England who felt that the conclusion of the 1959 investigation was inaccurate. Another Holly band member, Tommy Allsup, flipped a coin with Valens for the last available seat, losing the coin toss. A staff writer for All Thats Interesting, Marco Margaritoff has also published work at outlets including People, VICE, and Complex, covering everything from film to finance to technology. The pilot and three passengers were killed and the aircraft was demolished. Ever since, authorities made it policy to notify victims families first then press. "I'm going to show you what I saw . And I blame myself because I know that, if only I had gone along, Buddy never would have gotten into that airplane. Unless the pilot is highly skilled in instrument flying and can reorient himself by use of the other instruments in the cockpit, this period of disorientation can be fatal. Charles Hardin, J. P. Richardson, and Richard Valenzuela were members of a group of entertainers appearing in Clear Lake, Iowa, the night of February 2, 1959. Email us attips@the-sun.co.ukor call 0207 782 4368. In January 1959, with his new chart-topping hit dominating American airwaves, the young Texan embarked on a Midwestern string of ballroom and auditorium shows called The Winter Dance Party. Because of bus trouble, which had plagued the group, these three decided to go to Moorhead ahead of the others. At the time, Holly and his band, consisting of Waylon Jennings, Tommy Allsup, and Carl Bunch, were playing on the "Winter Dance Party" tour across the Midwest. Read top stories this year about Buddy Holly. 63 years ago today, rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (aka J.P. Richardson) and pilot Roger Peterson were killed in a plane crash near [41] The monument is on private farmland, about .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}14mi (400m) west of the intersection of 315th Street and Gull Avenue, five miles (8km) north of Clear Lake. It is actually about none other than Buddy Hollyusing the story of the 1959 plane crash as a metaphor by which to lament American culture's loss of innocence over the course of the 1960s. I was not feeling well when he left. Post Mortem Buddy Holly Photos. After visiting the Surf Ballroom, I made the 6-mile drive down a dusty dirt road to the the site where Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper and Richie Valens died in a plane crash in February 1959. unable to do so. The Buddy Holly Center in Lubbock, Texas, will host a special event on February 3, 2023 - a yearly free event dedicated to the life of the famed musician and those who passed alongside him.. Although deteriorating weather was reported along the planned route, the weather briefings Peterson received failed to relay the information. "[29], The official investigation was carried out by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB, precursor to the NTSB). Dion said he won the toss, but ultimately decided that since the $36 fare (equivalent to $330 in 2021) equaled the monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment, he could not justify the indulgence. Battery and generator switches were in the "on" position. Pilot, 46, Killed in Medical Plane Crash Was a Proud 'Girl Dad' to 3 Daughters and Loved Giving Back . Holly hired the plane after heating problems developed on his tour bus. But his musical legacy undoubtedly lives on and is brought to the stage in . Harry Hammond/V&A Images/Getty ImagesBuddy Holly was 22 years old when he died. Buddy left behind his wife Maria Elena, to whom he had been married less than a year. The Dwyer Flying Service, owned and operated by Mr. Hubert J. Dwyer, was started in 1953. Numerous conspiracy theories have sought to explain why the plane. Three big rock-n-roll stars, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and JP "The Big Bopper" Richardson, plus the 21 year old pilot, Roger Peterson, died in that fateful plane crash on February 3, 1959.. 421 41 comments Best Add a Comment [deleted] 3 yr. ago The official investigation by the Civil Aeronautics Board concluded the pilot was not experienced enough for night flying. Holly died in a plane crash in the corn field in 1959. Hired as a bassist for Buddy Holly following Holly's choice to disband from The Crickets, Waylon Jennings got a huge boost to his musical career from touring with the rock and roll star. The aircraft was purchased by the Dwyer Flying Service, July 1, 1958, and, according to records and the testimony of the licensed mechanic employed by Dwyer, had been properly maintained since its acquisition. Valens exclaimed, "That's the first time I've won anything in my life!". Buddy Holly was cold, and he wanted some free time to do his laundry. Buddy Holly. Flickr/Kent KanouseBuddy Holly was buried in the Lubbock Cemetery in Texas in February 1959. of sight. Sixty-three years ago Wednesday, a 1947 Beechcraft Bonanza took flight from a small-town Iowa airport, carrying three pioneers of early American rock 'n' roll music. The omni selector was positioned at 114.9, the frequency of the Mason City omni range. It crashed into a snow covered cornfield and everyone on board was killed. The next scheduled destination after Clear Lake was Moorhead, Minnesota, a 365-mile (590km) drive north-northwestand, as a reflection of the poor quality of the tour planning, a journey that would have taken them directly back through the two towns they had already played within the last week. Voices of Oklahoma interview with Tommy Allsup. In the early morning hours of February 3, 1959, a private plane carrying musicians J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, Ritchie Valens, and Buddy Holly (most famous for founding The Crickets) crashed outside of Clear Lake, Iowa, killing all on board. [28] She later said in an interview: "In a way, I blame myself. It was meticulously restored by John Page, who called the project one of the most meaningful experiences of his career. The pilot of the single-engine Beechcraft Bonanza was also killed. The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died," after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 . When his instrument training was taken, several aircraft were used and these were all equipped with the conventional type artificial horizon and none with the Sperry Attitude Gyro such as was installed in Bonanza N 3794N. [24][25], Mara Elena Holly learned of her husband's death via a television news report. The Day The Music Died: Inside The Tragic Story Of Buddy Hollys Death. The two other answers basically cover it, but I remember reading that the weather conditions during the period of this flight contained icing in clouds. ROCK'n'roll lost not one but THREE budding music stars the day that Buddy Holly tragically died in a plane crash 63 years ago. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. So one night, Holly chartered a plane to get to the next gig. Nearly two decades after the accident, Waylon Jennings wrote a song dedicated to his lost friend and the emotional . The two rear outside belt ends remained. After, the band began discussion of their next stop on the tour, Fargo, ND. A flash advisory issued by the U. S. Weather Bureau at Minneapolis at 2335 on February 2 contained the following information: "Flash Advisory No. Although he only had one number one song, Buddy Holly influenced countless music legends. Both blades of the propeller were broken at the hub, giving evidence that the engine was producing power when ground impact occurred. Various monuments have been erected at the crash site and in Clear Lake, where an annual memorial concert is also held at the Surf Ballroom, the venue that hosted the artists' last performances. Buddy Holly's funeral was held at the Tabernacle Baptist Church in Lubbock, TX, on February 8, 1959, drawing over a thousand mourners. A normal takeoff was made at 0055 and the aircraft was observed to make a "I was hoping to put the rumors to rest," Richardson said. airport,[2] Dwyer saw the tail light or the aircraft gradually descend until out [23] County coroner Ralph Smiley certified that all four victims died instantly, citing the cause of death as "gross trauma to brain" for the three artists and "brain damage" for the pilot. In the dark, early hours of 3 February 1959, a small nondescript plane, battered by wind and snow, crashed to earth in an isolated field in Iowa. pilot as: ceiling measured 6,000 overcast; visibility 15 miles plus; temperature Clear Lake, Iowa It was just after midnight, February 3, 1959, in Iowa. The admission for the show was $1.25, but the concert did not sell out. The communicator told Peterson that a later terminal forecast would be available at 2300. Roger Peterson, age 21, held airman certificate No. . Top Hotels Close to Buddy Holly Crash Site Microtel Inn & Suites By Wyndham Clear Lake 1305 N 25th St, Clear Lake, IA, 50428 $63 per night BUDDY Hollys death happened nearly 60 years ago and the rock'n'roll icon is sorely missed to this day. The crash site address is 22728 Gull Avenue in Clear Lake, Iowa. Buddy Holly's widow, Maria Elena Holly, is still alive and well. So instead of riding a bus 350 miles to his next rock 'n' roll gig in Minnesota, Buddy chartered a plane to fly him there, along with fellow headliners Ritchie Valens and J.P. Answer (1 of 10): How did the plane crash with Buddy Holly? The weather at the time of departure was reported as light snow, a ceiling of 3,000 feet (900m) AMSL with sky obscured, visibility six miles (10km), and winds from 20 to 30mph (32 to 48km/h). pilot, the local fixed-base operator at the Mason City Airport, and owner of Flickr/photolibrarianThe Buddy Holly crash site memorial near Clear Lake, Iowa. been properly stowed on board, the pilot and passengers boarded the aircraft. latest weather information. At 2355, Peterson, accompanied by Hubert Dwyer, a certificated commercial The musicians traveled in an unheated bus that frequently broke down. now reported to pass there at 0200. In it he said he was persuaded to leave his wife on the roof of a building. [17] Valens, who once had a fear of flying, asked Allsup for his seat on the plane. I was so afraid for many years that somebody was going to find out I said that, Jennings recalled of his joke. After an additional left turn to a northwesterly heading, the tail light was then observed gradually descending until it disappeared. Buddy Holly was killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, on February 3 1959, while on he was tour. Richardson, suffering from flu, swapped places with Jennings, taking his seat on the plane, while Allsup lost his seat to Valens on a coin toss. Buddy Holly was buried in the Lubbock Cemetery in Texas in February 1959. 15 degrees; dewpoint 8 degrees; wind south 25 to 32 knots; altimeter setting 29.96 [26] Jennings and Allsup carried on for two more weeks, with Jennings taking Holly's place as lead singer. You end up driving down a dirt road until you see a large pair of black glasses on the shoulder of the road. The aircraft was observed to take off toward the south in a normal manner, turn and climb to an estimated altitude of 800 feet, and then head in a north-westerly direction. Jennings joked back, "Well, I hope your plane crashes." Peterson and Dwyer Flying Service itself were certified to operate only under visual flight rules, which essentially require that the pilot must be able to see where he is going. A funeral was held the next day at St. Paul Lutheran Church in his hometown of Alta; Peterson was buried in Buena Vista Memorial Cemetery in nearby Storm Lake. In the 56 years since the day Buddy Holly died, there has been no shortage of rumours, conspiracy theories, books, not to mention that song, about the plane crash that robbed rock'n'roll of . The Civil Aeronautics Board was notified February 3, 1959, of this accident and an investigation was immediately begun in accordance with the provisions of Section 701 (a) (2) of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958. When he learned that band memberWaylon Jenningswho would eventually become a country star in his own righthad decided to take the freezing bus instead, Holly had joked, "Well, I hope your old bus freezes up." The son of "The Big Bopper" has hired a forensic anthropologist to answer questions about how his father died in a 1959 plane crash that also claimed the lives of rock 'n' rollers Buddy Holly and . The fact that the aircraft struck the ground in a steep turn but with the nose lowered only slightly, indicates that some control was being effected at the time. Coon also argued that Peterson may have tried to land the plane and that his efforts should be recognized. The accident occurred in a sparsely inhabited area and there were no witnesses. FEBRUARY 3, 1959. Despite the damage to the cockpit the following readings were obtained: the communicator, at Mr. Dwyer's request, repeatedly tried to reach him but was Light snow was reported at Minneapolis. The service had an air carrier operating certificate with an air taxi rating issued by the Federal Aviation Agency. when approximately 5 miles had been traversed, the tail light at the aircraft was seen to descend gradually until it disappeared from sight. A band of snow about 100 miles wide at 2335 from extreme northwestern Minnesota, northern North Dakota through Bismarck and south-southwestward through Black Hills of South Dakota with visibility generally below 2 miles in snow. The event has since been mentioned in several songs and films. In 2007 Petersons son had his fathers body exhumed to see if Hollys gun had gone off bu accident. BEECH BONANZA, N 3794N Signpost east of the crash site replicating Holly's signature glasses. The rest of the party would have picked him up in Moorhead, saving him the journey in the bus and leaving him time to get some rest. Product . The event later dubbed as the "The Day the Music Died" after it was referred to as. [15], The most widely accepted version of events was that Richardson had contracted the flu during the tour and asked Jennings for his seat on the plane. On February 3, 1959, American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. Moderate to locally heavy icing areas of freezing drizzle and locally moderate icing in clouds below 10,000 feet over eastern portion Nebraska, Kansas, northwest Missouri, and most of Iowa. Jay Perry Richardson, the son of the Big Bopper, was among the participating artists, and Bob Hale was the master of ceremonies, as he was at the 1959 concert.[39][40]. Why would he die and not me?. "[citation needed], In contradiction to the testimony of Allsup and Jennings, Dion has since said that Holly approached him along with Valens and Richardson to join the flight, not Holly's bandmates. The Board determines that the probable cause of this accident was the pilot's unwise decision to embark on a flight which would necessitate flying solely by instruments when he was not properly certificated or qualified to do so. with about four inches of snow. Service experience with the use of the attitude gyro has clearly indicated confusion among pilots during the transition period or when alternating between conventional and attitude gyros. When the Beechcraft Bonanza carrying Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and the Big Bopper crashed outside Clear Lake, Iowa, in the early morning hours of February 3, 1959, it struck the ground with. Buddy Holly, whose career was on the rise, was only 22 years old (per History ). Flying with him was 17-year-old Ritchie Valens was just 17 and DJ JP Richardson, known as The Big Bopper. With his parents ardently supporting their musical household, Holly learned how to play the fiddle and piano, as well. Tragically, one spontaneous decision to brave dangerous weather conditions ended with Buddy Holly's plane crash when he was just 22. Robert Fontenot Jr. is an entertainment critic and journalist focusing on classic rock and roll and published nationally for more than 25 years. Because of fluctuation of the rate instruments caused by gusty winds he would have been forced to concentrate and rely greatly on the attitude gyro, an instrument with which he was not completely familiar. Frankie Valens, who was just 17 years old, was thrown 40 feet from the plane, while Buddy Holly and J.P. Richardsons bodies were recovered 20 feet from the wreck. One bus had a heating system that malfunctioned shortly after the tour began, in Appleton, Wisconsin. CAB 2-3-1959-Buddy Hollys Crash.pdf. Bill Bass, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Tennessee, looked at the remains in Beaumont, Texas. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. He took his last second-class physical examination March 29, 1958. Music fans can park near the corner of 315th Street and Gull Avenue to access the site. We pay for videos too. He holds dual bachelor's degrees from Pace University and a master's degree from New York University. He discovered a white pick wedged underneath the pickguard, likely untouched since that fateful night in February 1959. 58 Buddy Holly Plane Crash Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images Images Editorial Video Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 58 Buddy Holly Plane Crash Premium High Res Photos Browse 58 buddy holly plane crash stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Through most of Instead of systematically circling around the Midwest through a series of venues in close proximity to one another, the tour erratically zigzagged back and forth across the region, with distances between some tour stops exceeding 400 miles (640km). N3794N containing Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson crashed into the Iowa countryside, killing all three in addition to pilot Roger Peterson. Holly was riding high on Thatll Be the Day, while Richardson was known for Chantilly Lace. Valens had written La Bamba, the world-famous song that would see him posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. While this message deals primarily with flight instruments, it is equally applicable to other equipment in the aircraft including radio navigation and approach aid equipment. You can find a large set of Buddy Holly-style glasses at the start of the walking path. Last edited on 29 November 2019, at 00:51, https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_Accident_Report_for_Buddy_Holly%27s_crash&oldid=9732287. [18], After the show ended, Anderson drove Holly, Valens, and Richardson to nearby Mason City Municipal Airport,[19] where the elevation is 1,214 feet (370m) AMSL. His parents, Lawrence Holley and Ella Pauline Drake, even wrote their local paper in support of rock and roll. He had barely graduated himself when he opened for Elvis Presley during a 1955 tour stop in Lubbock. Four lives were lost on that cold winter night near Clear Lake, Iowa: Holly, Ritchie Valens, J. P. Big Bopper Richardson, and Roger Peterson, the pilot that was hired supposed to take them to Fargo. The surface weather chart for 0000 on February 3, 1959, showed a cold front extending from the northwestern corner of Minnesota through central Nebraska with a secondary cold front through North Dakota. I was two weeks pregnant, and I wanted Buddy to stay with me, but he had scheduled that tour. File history. ceiling had lowered to 5,000 feet, light snow was falling, and the altimeter setting This article is about the plane crash. 2-min read. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. Buddy Holly Crash Site is located in Clear Lake. Dion recorded "Hug My Radiator" which references the "broken-down bus" and the chilling cold the performers experienced on the tour. (Photo: Elwin Musser/Mason City Globe Gazette) Yet ever so gradually, the Dwyers were befriended by the relatives of the late rockers, and others in the broader Holly universe for whom the annual Winter Dance Party at the Surf (begun in 1979) is a cherished family . [a][1][2] The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died" after singer-songwriter Don McLean referred to it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie". It must be pointed out that the communicators' responsibility with respect to furnishing weather information to pilots is to give them all the available information, to interpret this data if requested, but not to advise in any manner. /s/ JAMES R. DURFEE Pilot Paterson told Mr. Dwyer that he would file his flight plan by radio when [11] Flight arrangements were made with Roger Peterson, a 21-year-old local pilot described as a "young married man who built his life around flying". New hit artist Ritchie Valens, "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson, and the vocal group Dion and the Belmonts joined the tour to promote their recordings and make an extra profit.[5][6]. Examination of the wreckage indicated that the first impact with the ground was made by the right wing tip when the aircraft was in a steep right bank and in a nose-low attitude. The distances between venues had not been properly considered when the performances were scheduled. Mr. Dwyer said that he had confidence in Pilot Peterson and relied entirely on his operational judgment with respect to the planning and conduct of the flight.

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